SUMMARY:
Notes compare Primula specimens by corolla color and presence of a farina ring, as well as habitat and elevation, including a white form possibly related to earlier collections from the Kashong La, Tibet. Mentions localized patches and proximity between sites.

CONTENT:
70a

3353. Prim sp. This has the ring of farina inside the corolla, like the Sikkimensis primulas. It is fairly common in localized places. Colour very green yellow, compared to the yellow of P. Sikkimensis.

3354. P. sp. Differs from 3353 in the colour of the corolla, which lacks the green, and has no ring of farina in the corolla. Growing only 1/2 mile from 3353 in rather similar habitat. Leaves also rather similar.

3355. Prim sp. Appears at first to be a white form of P. 2373(?) which was collected last year on the Kashong La. Could it be a white form of No. 3364 = No 3205? It is growing about 1000 ft higher than 3364, but on open grassy hillside, similar to 3364. It was found in a very big patch, 200 - 300 yds square, where found like this was entirely the white form, with the exception of a very few pale yellow forms. However a few white ones were found among 3367.

3356. Prim sp. Thought at first to be the same as No 2373, taken on the Kashong La, Tibet, last year. It seems to be very near that primula. But may it be No 3364 =

SUMMARY:
Notes mention obtaining a rose finch (Procarduelis rubescens) at Lopa Sho La Chu, rare in Bhutan in 1933–1934 but plentiful in SE Tibet in 1936. Observations include Lerwa with young at 15,500' east of Takar La, magpies common at Zimsaktoi, and white-breasted dippers. Several plant taxa are listed.

CONTENT:
Lud. Ibis 354 Ludlow at Singo Samba
Obtained a Rose Finch - Procarduelis rubescens Lopa Sho La Chu
rare in Bhutan in 1933 & 1934. Tho' plentiful Pedic. megalochila v. ligulata 1874 var. nov.
enough in the conifer forests of SE Tibet both N. & S. of Megacodon stylophora 1875
the main range in 1936. Anemone 1876
Mecon. simplicifolia 1877

Lerwa with young 15500' E of Takar La.
Magpies pretty common at Zimsaktoi.
White breasted Dippers.

SUMMARY:
Notes record collecting seeds of Aconitum napellus ludlowii and observations on transport reductions, high pony/donkey rates compared with Gyantse and the Lhasa road, and a notably clean dak bungalow. Additional entries describe views in the Trumbagung Chu between Sakang and Kangmar, harvesting, weather, and a double march via Samada to Kala.

CONTENT:
101
1.10.33
L. 116. Gathered some seeds of Aconitum napellus ludlowii. A very dark "Grosny" aconite. One of its tubers contains a higher % of Aconitum than any other known aconite so the thing might possibly be found of use for medicinal purposes.

Sent from Phari
B 32
B 33
height being so warm that that would be necessary. But the sun is very hot indeed during the day, & even the nights have not yet become very cold. Frost is just starting. The road is mostly through cultivation, but not of any great interest, though pretty in places. We have cut our transport down now to 13 pack & 5 riding ponies, instead of 16 and 6.

B-32 finished
Tibetan girl teasing wool & spinning.
The rates along this route are so high that that makes a big difference. Here we pay Rs 1/3/- per pony or Rs -/8/- a donkey, about five times as much as on the north of Gyantse — even along the Lhasa road. This is the cleanest dak bungalow I have ever been in. The chowkidar and family live beside it in houses built on to the bungalow. He & all the family seem very nice & unusually clean & tidy. Picked some seeds of Aconitum Ludlowii & of a primula.

B. 33.
Views in the Trumbagung Chu between Sakang & Kangmar.
26th September. Kangmar. 13900' 15 miles. Another perfect morning, with the bare hills looking very pretty. Harvesting in full swing the whole way up the valley. Clouded over by midday, & after pretty cold & windy.

27th September. To KALA 14600' 28 miles. Decided to do a double march & left in cool cloudy weather. Had a hot lunch at Samada & left there in bright sun. On the Kala plain the sun was lovely, but when still six miles from Kala the famous wind got up.

SUMMARY:
Notes record obtaining a male Fire-capped Tit (Cephalopyrus flammiceps saturatus), apparently the first for Bhutan, with prior occurrence noted in the lower Nyam Jang Chu Valley in 1936 and a Yunnan specimen from the Tengyueh district described by Rothschild as C. f. olivacea. The writer describes crossing into the Nyam Jang Chu Valley and the Tibet–Bhutan boundary near Jangphu, and remarks on the Rufous Woodpecker’s penetration up the Manas Valley.

CONTENT:
Lud. 634. Got the Fire-Capped Tit -
3668 ♂ Cephalopyrus flammiceps saturatus - a bird
that has not hitherto been met with in Bhutan.
L. Ibis 205 - Met with in the lower Nyam Jang Chu Valley in
1936, but not seen in this year so the species
cannot be plentiful.
In Yunnan Forrest obtained a ♂ in the Tengyueh
district which Rothschild described as
C. f. olivacea.

2027 : 4910
10688
63 4910
29460
39280
393
5208921

L. p 35. We soon crossed the spur that separates us from the Nyam Jang Chu Valley.
The latter is massive & we could see the snows above Tawang near the Bum La where
we crossed in 1934. The boundary between Tibet & Bhutan was crossed just below our camp
at Jangphu? It was just a dry watercourse. It is strange that such insignificant
geographical landmarks should be used for boundaries when others such as the Nyam Chang
Chu itself, for example, are available at a mile or so distance.
Rufous woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus phaeoceps (Ibis 364)
in the Nyam Jang Chu Valley shows an interesting penetration up the main
Manas Valley well into the interior.

SUMMARY:
Travel account from Tsetang through Lhagyari over the Putrang La to the Tsangpo at Dzam, along to Nang Dzong, and via the Kongbo Nga La to Molo, noting wetter forests, pheasants, and a large black woodpecker, with arrival at Molo on April 14. Notes include Abba Lulla showing Bailey-related letters and observations of bar-headed geese and the valley's daily wind patterns.

CONTENT:
10a

Ibis 53 . 26 March - April 14.

From Tsetang we proceeded to Lhagyari, a rich and important Dzong lying at the foot of the Putrang La 16,470. We were struck by the change in scenery on the eastern side of the pass. Bare barren mountains now gave place to whole slopes covered with birch & juniper, where pheasants of 2 species

Ibis 377 Crossoptilon crossoptilon harmani } lurked in the Rhododendron undergrowth
Ibis 382 Tetraophasis szechenyii

We were entering on the borders of a much wetter region than any we had passed through since leaving the Chumbi Valley.

From the Putrang La we descended to the level of the Tsangpo at Dzam where giant pollarded peach trees were already in blossom, and marched along the right bank for 4 days to Nang Dzong. At Nang we left the river to avoid a gorge, and ascended to the Kongbo Nga La which we had crossed in 1936. Here, very much to our surprise, we saw several specimens of a large, black, satanic-looking woodpecker

Ibis 369-372 Dryocopus martius khamensis - in burnt larch forest on the western slopes of the pass. From the Kongbo Nga La to Molo we followed our 1936 route reached Molo on April 14.

Go to p. 17a

Ludlow 19
Abba Lulla befriended Bailey in 1913 when he was robbed of all his money on his journey up the Tsangpo with Morshead. The old trader produced Bailey's letter of recommendation for our inspection & seemed very proud of it. He also showed us a letter from K. W. & Cawdor written in April 1924. Large number of bar-headed geese feeding on the newly sprouting grass near the landing ghat.

Ludlow 20.
The dust is very bad in this Tsangpo valley. Regularly every day the wind blows down the valley from 10 am until sunset. Then there is a short period of calm until 10 pm. Then the up-stream wind sets in & (often) blows throughout the night.

SUMMARY:
The page records inquiries about the frontier with Tibet, noting Dis (Thib) La as the boundary and classifying Chang Pu and Manam as Bhutanese, Beting on the frontier, and Sanglung as Tibetan. It describes a hot day’s march from Trashiyangsi to Tsirgom via Chunkara monastery, descending to a cantilever bridge near the junction of the Tawang and Tyangsi Chus and then following the Trashiyangsi River.

CONTENT:
interesting birds, but hard or impossible to get in many cases. We are overwhelmed with presents here and really find it most trying and difficult to thank the donor. We asked the local big bugs about the frontier with Tibet today. They are very hazy, like everyone else. However they agree that the frontier is at the Dis (Thib) La: that Chang Pu is Bhutanese: that Manam is Bhutanese: that Beting is on the frontier and that Sanglung is Tibetan. The frontier would therefore appear to follow the Dis La range south for a few miles, then go down a shoulder to the south east meeting the Nyamjang Chu about due E of Beting.

Trashiyangsi 12th October TO TSIRGOM CHUNKARA 8 miles. Ht 2818' (BP. 207.2' Temp. 87°)

Path descends gradually for first two miles, through cultivation, then steeply to a well made cantilever bridge over the Trashiyangsi River at m 5. This bridge is not as shown on the map but 1/4 m above the junction of the Tawang and Tyangsi Chus. The path then keeps close to the river on the right bank within 100 yards of the bank and not more than 100-200' above it, past Chunkara monastery at m 7 to camp Tsirgom in cultivation at m 8.11. A piping hot day, but with a fair breeze all day from 8.0 am on. The drop to the river is a full 3000 ft, much more than it appears.

SUMMARY:
After staying at the Himalayan hotel in Kalimpong and meeting several contacts, the party arranged travel to Gangtok. On 26 April in Gangtok, Tobgye assisted in planning permits and a collecting route: Chumbi Valley near Lingmatang mid-May to early June, then the Ha area north of Ha and west of the Paro watershed, with plans to join Williamson and proceed toward Bumthang for a month’s collecting.

CONTENT:
agate 'pan' boxes,

At Kalimpong stayed at the Himalayan hotel, run by Perry whose wife is a daughter of Macdonald. Met the Odlings, Tobgye, Dr. Graham. Arranged car to Gangtok for Rs 30/- each.

26th Ap. GANGTOK. 6000'. Tobgye proved a great friend. He was apparently chiefly worried about where we intended to collect: thinking it would be in the Ha Paro District which is under the Penlop of Paro who is not too well inclined towards the Maharaja. When he realised that we wanted to go as far East as possible really, say N.E. of Bumthang he was considerably relieved & thought that there should be no great difficulty in getting permission for some time over the two months. Eventually, with his help we have come to this arrangement: to work the Chumbi valley near Lingmatang from mid-May till the beginning of June: then to cross the frontier to the Ha area, keeping north of Ha & West of the Paro watershed. This is Tobgye's land - his son being penlop of Ha. Williamson intends to leave here 25th June, and would join him at Ha at the beginning of July, travel slowly with him to Bumtang. Then Tobgye thinks we will get a month's full collecting N.E. of Bumtang. Some of the trouble was caused by a lama who has been up against H.H. for burning the brushwood in forests to increase grazing, by doing which he was of course taking life by

SUMMARY:
Diary notes cover travel from Gautsa to Phari, Tuna, and Dochen, dealing with delayed transport, missing supply boxes, and assembling a large mule caravan. The party notes an evening earthquake, listens to the Scotland–Ireland match result from Murrayfield, and reports strong winds, clear views of Chomolhari, and a telephone call to Gyantse.

CONTENT:
4

instead of Tibetan, it was overdone. There must have been eight courses or even more. The poor fiancée had great trouble with her food, probably the first time she had had any that way. There was a small earthquake in the evening. We were just in time to hear the last five minutes of the Scotland-Ireland match at Murrayfield and get the result.

NB 27th Feb. To Gautsa. 12 miles. Transport very late in starting and was not off till 9.30 am. Fine day. On the way up we passed some yaks, on them I saw boxes labelled Harrods. Later on I noticed my own name, and these boxes turned out to be Harrods stores, which were sent on a month ago, and should have been in Gyantse long ago. Nothing we said upset the yak men, and they fully intended to go to Phari only on the 1st March. But they now promise to get there tomorrow. Very little life on the way up. Lingmathang is a beautiful meadow, but dried up and brown now. Saw signs of a gentian above Lingmathang.

28th Feb. To Phari. 17 miles. After a bad night of wind and some snow, today was perfect, with bright sun and very little wind. Chomolhari was clear of cloud till the evening, then cleared after an hour or two. We got our Harrods boxes on here, found Pintso waiting for us, but no Tenduk. We also found my very important Ha box had not been sent on here. These are both serious, but we hope can be put right before long. From now on we have a terrific caravan of mules.
6 riding ponies & 35 pack mules

1st March. To Tuna. 21 miles. Fine morning, slowly clouding over. Wind rose at 10.0 am and was very strong and cold all day, but in our backs, thank goodness. We got off in good time. 17 loads were sent through to Gyantse, while the rest came with us. The rate for everything is Rs 8/4 to Gyantse. Jibi walked all the way and is feeling very tired this evening, and a bit footsore. Chomolhari looked lovely the whole march, as we gradually came round it.

Extract from Tuna Bungalow book. — "On a specialist's recommendation, a Poona man came on vacation. He said 'I'd far sooner have Poona than Tuna, it seems a more lively hill station.'"

2nd March. To Dochen. 14 miles. Fine all day but very windy. Views of Chomolhari wonderful, especially in the evening. We telephoned to Gyantse this afternoon and got the P.T.O. to open.

SUMMARY:
At dawn the party observed several skeins of Greylag Geese passing their ridge and heading north toward the Chungkar range and the Tibetan plateau; in the evening they tuned in to Indian and Scottish reels before turning in early. On the Deo Chu below the first river crossing they encountered a large Bhutanese encampment where lac from East Bhutan was being bought by Tobgye's agents and sent to Calcutta, noting beeswax and an altitude of about 2000 feet.

CONTENT:
L. p. 8 - At about 7 am. we saw 4 skeins of Greylag Geese pass over the ridge on which we were encamped. One skein was so low as to be almost within gunshot. After crossing the ridge they rapidly gained altitude & we watched them through glasses heading due north towards the Chungkar range. We calculated that in 3 hours at the most they would have crossed the main range & be over the Tibetan plateau.

L. p. 9 Listened in to the Indian & Scottish Reel music in the evening, but we were so tired by half ten, when Delhi was ready, except to note that we gave it up & went to bed. We have our own daylight saving time on trek - up at dawn or thereabouts & in bed a couple of hours after dusk.

Ludlow 8-9 On the Deo Chu, just below the first crossing of the River we came across a large Bhutanese encampment where the lac brought down from various parts of East Bhutan is bought from the people by Tobgye's agents & despatched to Calcutta. Some good beeswax also noted. The altitude 2000'