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SUMMARY:
The party trekked through spruce, oak, pine, and larch forest, passed below Chunyima, obtained butter and fresh milk from herdsmen with yaks, and noted several plants including Primula atrodentata and Lilium wardii. They reached Tongkyuk Dzong after 68 days, glimpsing the Po Yigrong Range and collecting limited seed of an unidentified Rhododendron, a Gaultheria, and an evergreen Berberis.

CONTENT:
hard indeed - so much so that the kukri we used to cut out plants was broken slightly, & sparks were actually made when striking the ground! This might possibly be P. bhutanica or Whitei. Like P. atrodentata the buds were covered with dense farina. We did not see Chunyima at all, but passed below it scarcely a few miles (2?) to an open space, on the other side of the river from which is a herdsman's hut where there are two men with 50 yaks. Up behind that is a very fine snow peak (Sangdam Pu?) where the valley looks very good for flowers. We got some very dirty butter from them at 9 sangs the piece, about 1 1/2 lbs. Also most excellent fresh milk as a gift. The milk was brought in a ladle made of Rhododendron wood, holding about 1/2 gallon. Our 4 coolies caught us up today joined us here, so did 7 extra pony loads which had come on "sadsi". The path all day is through fine spruce, holly oak & latterly a little pine larch. Rhododendron in places plentiful. For the first mile or two the valley is open: thence it is a gorge, but everywhere very pretty indeed. My one only pair of shoes have given out, & am reduced to gym shoes from now on. We saw a little Mec. betonicifolia at Lunang, but no more anywhere else. I also saw one Prim. chungensis. Prim. atrodentata is everywhere & is all ready for moisture & a little warmth, to put it into flower.

22nd Dec. Tongkyuk Dzong. Home at last, after 68 days. It is worth it though, from what we can see. The march today was through conifer & rhod. forest all the way, but the forest was too thick for us to get but a glimpse of the Po Yigrong Range N. of Tongkyuk. We left at 7.30 & got in at 1.30. The road is good most of the way. In the plant line the most interesting things on the march were Lilium Wardii, common on the steep bracken covered slopes in the picea & pinus forest. A Rhododendron of which we got a little seed is one I don't recognize. We also got a Gaultheria & an evergreen Berberis, but saw no...

SUMMARY:
Daily minimum temperatures and weather conditions are recorded at Tongkyuk Dzong from late December through early January, noting periods of cloud, clearing times, and occasional snowfall. About half an inch of snow is noted at Tongkyuk and later in camp, with clearer conditions by the 7–8 January entries.

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Min temp.

Tongkyuk Dzong.

23-24 Dec. 13° F. Clear.
24-25 Dec. 21° F. Cloudy, cleared by 8:00.
25-26 Dec. 23° F. Cloudy, cleared by 8:00.
26-27 Dec. 15° F. Clear.
27-28 Dec. 15° F. Clear.
28-29 Dec. 23° F. Cloudy.
29-30 Dec. 24° F. Cloudy.
30-31 Dec. 25° F. Cloudy, cleared by 9:30 am.
31 Dec. – 1st Jan. 20° F. Clear.
1-2nd Jan. 20° F. Cloudy.
2-3rd Jan. 24° F. Cloudy all day. A little snow in evening down to about 10,000'.
3-4th Jan. 21° F. Fine first, then cloudy.
4-5th Jan. 28° F. Low cloud & ½" snow at Tongkyuk. Cloud all day.
5th-6th Jan. 29° F. Low cloud. Snow on hills.
6-7th Jan. 29° F. Low cloud. ½" snow in camp. Cleared up by 10:00.
7-8th Jan. 8° F. Bright & clear.

SUMMARY:
Notes on pine species near the river and collection of Ward's lily bulbs; very cold by the bridge below Trongchu Dz. Halt days are spent in camp developing photos and unpacking a working thermograph, with views toward the Sobhe la; awaiting Ludlow and Elliot while the Dzongpon, a monk, is present, and more animals and kit arrive with a note from Ludlow.

CONTENT:
Pinus tabuliformis 12028
Armandii 12029
Tsuga dumosa 12030
P. whitei 12021

More of yesterday's Primula (12021). Ward's lily had a few seeds left and we took about a dozen bulbs. About one mile below Trongchu Dz, the local river is crossed by a bridge. It is very cold indeed down there, as only a very little sun reaches the river. Just before reaching the river, the same pine is met with as in the Tsangpo valley. The pine all the way down the Rong Chu is different, having 4 leaves in a sheath, instead of 2.

23rd Dec. Halt. Another perfect day, which we spent in camp doing odd things, developing photos and so on. No sign of Ludlow and Elliot, but a little more help has come in. The views everywhere here are really wonderful. We looked up the valley today, and caught a glimpse of the valley coming down from the Sobhe la. The Dzongpon is here and does not really take over till tomorrow. He is a monk. I unpacked the thermograph today, and was relieved to find that it worked. So many things have become broken in the last months, that I feared the worst.

24th Dec. Halt. Fine and clear still. Ten more animals in with kit and a note from Ludlow to say he does not expect to be here for a few days yet. We went up the

SUMMARY:
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CONTENT:
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SUMMARY:
Notes on extreme temperatures and plant survival are followed by a halt during which the diarist and Ludlow visit the Dzongpon with gifts to secure cooperation for travel plans. They plan routes to the Sobhe La and Gyadzong, attempt to train a local to use a thermograph, test photographic equipment, and repack supplies.

CONTENT:
fairly easy. Supplies are not easy here, there is no doubt of that. The thermograph showed fine interesting results. But the whole question of temperatures to which plants are subjected is one of great interest. On the main range there is snow now; there has been snow above 13,000 or less for about a month or two. So the plants there are protected. But north of the Himalayan range for instance, there is no snow on the Tamu La for instance. Yet we had, at 11,500, a temp of -4°F. On the Tamu La, at 13,900', the temp must be 15-20° below zero. Yet the plants survive that. A contrast was the place Lil. Wardii was growing. The temps were down to -4° there, yet I could dig out the bulbs with my hand. Where we took P. sonchifolia(?), we broke the blade of the kukri cutting the frozen soil.

27th Dec. Halt. Fine again, but with thin cirrus cloud collecting. Ludlow and I called on the Dzongpon in the morning and gave him 1 pair of binoculars, 1 bottle of saffron, 1 Stanley flask, 1 than of cotton cloth, 1 picture frame and 1 photo of the Dalai Lama. That is a bribe. He seemed more pleased and easy than yesterday, and made no objections to our plans to go towards the Sobhe La on the 30th and to Gyadzong, with 50 coolies, on about the 6th or 8th of Jan. I have tried today to teach a local about the thermograph which Ludlow and I hope to put up above Laha on the Sobhe La route. He cannot read or write, but I think I will get him to do something. He seems quite intelligent and a decent youth. Took a few photos today to test the roll film adaptor which I fitted for use with either camera. As a test, I used the readings given by a GE meter.

28th - 29th Dec. Halt. Checked and repacked all kit, and took out a 2 months' supply for our visit to Gyadzong and a small supply for Ludlow and myself to take to the Sobhe La.

SUMMARY:
Notes the thermograph start on 31 December 1946 at about 12,250 feet, with snowfall events at Tomjuk in early to mid-January. Describes tree composition in the Sobhe la valley and records date correspondences for Jan 28 and Feb 23 related to the thermograph.

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Thermograph started midday Tuesday 31.12.46.
at about 12,250'
Snowed slightly at Tomjuk night of 4-5, night of 6-8th Jan.
Snowed heavily 11-12th Jan.

Trees in Sobhe la valley are Pinus of two kinds, gradually
giving way to Picea and Juniper with Rhododendron, Quercus ilex, Hydrangea,
Birch and Acer. Further up Abies webbiana takes the place of the
Pine and Spruce, and there is a lot of Willow - shrub and dwarf.

Jan 28th was the 5th of the 12th month. The 28th day should have been
28th Jan.
Feb. 23rd was the 3rd of the 1st month. = 28th day for Thermograph.

SUMMARY:
Travel from Tongkyuk up the Sobshe La valley to a camp below the pass, with notes on pine, spruce, Tsuga, Quercus ilex, and a quince-like shrub locally called 'Tingle' (Chaenomeles lagenaria). Reports widespread bamboo die-off mentioned in Kongbo and camping near a clearing with a wooden hut and yak.

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35

L.D. 96 to Sobshe La with thermograph

30th Dec. Camp below Sobshe La. B.P. 190.8° F. = 11424'. We left camp at Tongkyuk at 9.0 and went up stream till about 11.30, when we turned abruptly N, up the Sobshe La valley. Here there is a little cultivation, some huts, not occupied in winter. The forest is pine here, and beside the cultivation are some shrubs, 25-30' high spreading, with a very good looking apple-like fruit on them. Local name 'Tingle' (Chaenomeles lagenaria 12061), a kind of quince, with a very good smell, but very sour. Beyond this the forest is pine & spruce, with some Tsuga & the finest Quercus ilex I've ever seen, dead straight trees, 120-140 ft high & growing just like spruce, amongst which they are. There is some bamboo, but like elsewhere, it all seems to be dead. They said in Kongbo that last year all the bamboo died. The path is narrow, but not bad. There are hardly any openings in the forest at all until one has gone up for about 3 hours, when the valley levels off, the path crosses to the R bank at a clearing where there is a wooden hut & some yak. Here we camped. The hills on either side are steep, but

SUMMARY:
The page lists Primula species observed on Sosheha, including notes on identification and collection details such as specimen numbers and seed collection. Species noted include forms related to P. nivalis, P. calderiana, P. hyacinthina, P. whitei, and P. capitata.

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Primulas seen on Sosheha:-
No. 12046. P. Nivalis Sect or perhaps P. Calderiana.
12050 P. aff. hyacinthina. Only seed taken.
12052 P. aff. Whitei, but appears to have a scape.
No number P. capitata.

SUMMARY:
From Tongkyuk Dzong, the party reconnoitred toward the Soshe La but was turned back by deep snow, placed a thermograph, and noted views of Gyala Peri. Botanical observations included Meconopsis and Nomocharis, abundant capsules on Lilium wardii, and a noteworthy Lonicera; weather was cold with light snow. The old Dzongpon prepared to depart for Lhasa, and local peaks including Rangzen Karpo were discussed.

CONTENT:
moraine, when the road disappeared, & became too bad for ponies. Here I stopped and Ludlow went on, on foot, to try to reach the pass. He was held up by snow up to his knees & had to give up. While he was away, I looked at the cliff beside me & at the foot of it, & found many Mec. paniculata, a few M. speciosa, Primula aff. hyacinthina, several Allium, a Nomocharis & other signs of good things. We returned to camp at 6.0 pm.

1st Jan. 1947. Tongkyuk Dzong. Left at 8.0, & back at 2.0 pm. Nothing new seen on the way. We looked for Cremanthodium, but found none. The only game bird seen on the trip was one ♀ tragopan on the way up. The trip was worth while - we placed the thermograph: we saw the Soshe La: & saw that the area is undoubtedly a good one for flowers. There is a very fine view of the snow peaks around Gyala Peri from a little below the entrance to the Soshe La, with the river in the foreground.

2nd Jan. Halt. - Cloudy all day + cold, though min. temp. was high. Ludlow found two Lil. Wardii, one with 22 pods & one with 14. Both bulbs very big — one 8" in circumference. (Later saw one with 28 capsules). We can get little information about the mountains to the SE of here. The big one most obvious from here is called Rangzen Karpo & Gyala Peri is said to be more to the South i.e. right from here, but not visible.

3rd Jan Halt. - Cloudy all day, with snow in the evening down to about 10,000' but clearing up. Ludlow found a very interesting shrub 12062, a Lonicera, in flower. We have never seen this before.

4th Jan. Halt. - Only a very little snow fell, none in Tongkyuk, but pretty well up the hills. Even what fell will not last for long. We find that the old Dzongpon is going back to Lhasa now, so are sending with him a few

SUMMARY:
Captions for Kodachrome set 11 describe scenes in January 1947: a bridge looking upstream to Tangkyab, the 'dring' at Trulung with men crossing, the River Po Tsangpo between Trulung and Chakzam, and the junction of Yigrong Chu and Po Tsangpo.

CONTENT:
38

Kodachrome 11 -
i. Bridge & upstream to Tangkyab on 8.1.47.
ii. The 'dring' at Trulung, with men crossing. 11.1.47.
iii. River Po Tsangpo between Trulung & Chakzam. 13.1.47.
iv. Junction of Yigrong Chu & Po Tsangpo. "