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SUMMARY:
After heavy rain and hail, the writer explored near camp, noting Primula hopeana, saxifrages, and a Primula boothii believed to match last year’s variety from the Nyuhsangha in East Bhutan, with plans to collect it on the descent. On 7th June, a halt day brought a perfect morning followed by afternoon storms, and several Primula species were recorded, including elongata, hopeana, kingii, sapphirina, and tsariensis, along with the new variety of P. boothii.

CONTENT:
we have not seen before. Then up here, in a short time after the very heavy rain and hail was over, I went out and saw a number of good things, including Primula hopeana, some good saxifrages and other flowers. I think this place will do us well, and hope we will have good weather. The cliff to the NW looks full of possibilities. We came up a good 4000 ft today. The last coolies were in at 6.0 pm. It is now 7.15, and I have never been so late with dinner before. An interesting plant seen nearly up here is a Primula boothii. It cannot be the ordinary boothii at this height, and must be my new variety of last year, which I think was No. 1178, from the Nyuhsangha in East Bhutan. All flower is of course over, but I will collect it on the way down.

7th June. Halt. After a perfect night, it was again a perfect morning, and remained so longer than our morning has so far. Till 1.0 pm it was lovely. By 2.0 pm there was a thunderstorm, heavy hail, sleet and rain. By 4.0 pm it was over and the sun out again, and again the night is perfect. We had another good day. First of all there were Primula elongata and Primula hopeana common. Also the new variety of P. boothii, No. 3206. Then away at the top of the hills, over 15000' were P. kingii 3203 and P. sapphirina 3204. A more interesting primula was P. tsariensis No. 3205, which will cause the Professor some thought I'm sure. It is such a beauty too. Two other

SUMMARY:
Entries from camps east of Lo La describe rough roads, changing weather, and botanical collecting focused on rhododendrons and primulas. Ludlow shot two male monal while coolies snared a female, and the diarist explored with Tsongpen and Tsering before moving to Singo Samba.

CONTENT:
Lo La
27

13th May. Camp 4 m E of Lo La. 6 miles. Rained all night. Fine all day with a little sun now and then. Left at 5.45, in at 3.15. I went up the new road on the L bank (L bank = right bank), and for 2 miles it was not bad, the next mile bad and the 4th mile very bad indeed. It then joins the old road at the bridge. Flowers rather disappointing, or perhaps I expected too much from the cliff faces we passed. We climbed up one a long way, very much further than I felt capable of, but found little of interest. Rhododendron 3750 is a queer thing with a most unusual colour, and 3751 R. primuliflorum? is a very pretty little thing. Got a few more collections of previous primulas, but not much else.

14th May. Camp 2 m E of Lo La. At approx 12000' 2 miles. It cleared up last night, and today has been a lovely bright sunny day, a very pleasant change. A good day for both of us too, as Ludlow shot 2 monal, which are Sclateri as expected. Both were males. The coolies between them snared a female. Tsongpen, Tsering and I went up the waterfall nullah which comes in from the E 1 m below camp. Although there was very little there, we got one new primula 3762. This one is just barely fully out yet, and there is not a great deal of it to be had, but it is a most unusual one, and I have had doubts about it being a primula. However it is one, but to what section it belongs, I can't make out. The rhododendrons are most confusing. There seem to be so many Thomsonii Ser. which vary very little indeed, with larger or smaller calyces, or perhaps a few glands on the ovary or style.

15th May Halt. Fine night and a lovely bright day again. Went up at 5.30 keeping high - South - of the Lo La. Within an hour I had shot a male monal and seen two females. We saw seven in all, so they are pretty common. We also saw snow partridge. Quite a good day, as we found several interesting flowers, including P. tsariensis. Of this I have no doubt but it does make me doubt the ones which Wright Smith identified as P. bariensis from Bhutan - 3366 - 3367. This one, No 3779, is exactly as found at Tsari Chikchar in colour, size of flower and everything.

16th May. Singo Samba. 8 miles. Rained in the night and early in the morning. Cleared up about 10 am, and turned into a beautiful evening. We were surprised to find it raining this morning after a perfect evening yesterday. Tsongpen went NE from the Lo La, and Tsering and I went to the S West. But it is still too early to find much. P. tsariensis grows on the N of the Pass in...

SUMMARY:
Field notes from Langong record several Primula taxa with observations on abundance, flower color, and phenology, including comparisons to a prior Bhutan primula (3366). P. tsariensis is noted as abundant north and south of the Main Himalayan Range, and a bearing for the Langong valley is given.

CONTENT:
31a
Langong.

3917. Primula dryadifolia. Langong. Very common in valley due N. of Langong village.

3918. • var. microdonta. Langong. Hardly any seen.
3919. • tsariensis, white form. Langong. This again agrees with the type in appearance, except that flowers are white. It does not resemble the Bhutan primula (3366) at all. It is a much more upstanding plant, longer scape, smaller flower.
3920. • tsariensis. Langong. Taken when these plants are in full flower. No 3779 was taken soon after they were in flower. The hills hereabouts abound in P. tsariensis, both north & south of the Main Himalayan Range.
3921. • P. sikkimensis sect. (? Hopeana?). pudibunda. Langong.

The valley at LANGONG lies at a bearing of approx. 250° - 65° from Langong.

SUMMARY:
The diarist records extensive Primula and Omphalogramma observations around a steep pass, notes multiple slips on a difficult grass slope, and experiences photographic mishaps in wind, mist, and rain. They glissade down avalanche snow, then travel to Langong in heavy rain, buy a young yak, develop photographs, and plan to go to the Lo La on the 10th.

CONTENT:
Omph brachysiphon

must be Omphalogramma brachysiphon 3982. Under 3762 all flowers had five lobes, & here again the first dozen I looked at had five, but some have six. Over the pass we walked right into what must be Primula aff strumosa chionantha 3983, it was in masses, extending for a mile or so under the foot of cliffs & down avalanche shoots. Beyond it we came across P. barbatula 3990, on the cliff faces, very hard to get at. P. tsariensis was everywhere. Then we went down the most slippery & difficult grass slope I have been on and all took many tosses. On it, again in masses was Prim. Elizabethae 3985 or must now, rather reluctantly, say it is the finest primula I know. It extended down 200 yards of very steep slope. As Ludlow said "A truly magnificent primula". We also saw lots of P. Geraldinae 3987, collected before under 3640 + the high altitude P. mosheoidea 3986. An interesting specimen is No 3984, which to my mind must be a natural cross between P. tsariensis (tsariensis x chionantha?), which it most resembles & P. hilaris from which it gets its queer colour. There was little else down to the fir trees, which began about 1000' below the Pass. Left at 5.0 am, back at 3.0 pm. Mist & rain from then on. The coolies' stories of thick snow on the south was all wrong. Barring avalanche snow, there was none.

Photograph
I had a wild catastrophe today. Went out with only a few films in the film pack case behind the spares I had put all ready. Of course I wanted more than I had. The Dufaycolor film pack let me down & I wasted three precious exposures, owing to one film coming adrift in some queer way. Then when I tried to photograph P. Elizabethae in mass, the wind, mist & rain were so bad, I had to give up after half an hour's walking & hoping. The flowers would not keep still & it was hopeless to form trying. We finished the day by glissading down the avalanche snow from the Pass for nearly a mile - a new form of sport to Kusho, who seems to get quite a bit of fun out of these excursions. R. campylocarpum 3994, vernicatum 3991, forrestii 3995, populare 3997, etc. louloula 3992.

11900' 8th June. To Langong. 6 miles. Heavy rain all night. Scenery occluded today. Coolies turned up in good time, and for here about 11.0 am. Things have come on a bit here, but flowers are still very few & far between. Bought a young yak, only a few months old, for Rs. 3/-. Got all my photographs developed this afternoon, & will make preparations for going to the Lo La on the 10th.

SUMMARY:
Notes record Primula specimens at Kucha La, including forms of P. dryadifolia and an unidentified capitata-like plant with densely hairy, non-farinose leaves. The page lists distribution ranges for several Primula and Omphalogramma taxa across passes from Tum La and Chubumbu La through Kucha La, Lusha La, Tamnyen La, and into Bhutan and China.

CONTENT:
55a Kucha La

5931. = 5865. Primula Dryadifolia Sect. (Tsongpen) Kucha La. Very common here.
5932. " " Jonarduni (Dryadifolia). " " " " , grows close to 5931.
5933. " " macrocarpa (macrophylla true form). Kucha La. White round the eye not prominent as in 3895.
5934. " " aff capitata.? (Concholoba) Kucha La. I don't recognize this. The leaves have no farina, rare, densely
      covered with long hairs. Unfortunately, only these three specimens were seen.

PRIMULAS. Primula Elizabethae. Extent from TUM LA to CHUBUMBU LA. Its place in the East seems to be taken by
" 5872 Calliantha " " TUM LA to KUCHA LA + Lusha La + Tamnyen La.
" Valentiniana " " China to CHUBUMBU LA.
" odontica " " Tsari Sama (not seen on Chining La or Chubumbu La) to TAKAR LA.
" tsariensis " " LO LA to Tsari Chikchar and then in Bhutan.
" Dryadifolia sect. 5865 (Tsongpen) " " TSANANG LA to KUCHA LA + LO LA
" Chamaethauma " " LUSHA LA to PA LA
Omphalogramma minus " " CHUBUMBU LA to TUM LA. + TAMNYEN LA.
" brachysiphon " " " " " " " " 186-2 57 2.6pm 140.7 = 148.5
Primula Boothii " " HA, Bhutan to NYUG LA PACHAKSHIRI.
" Whitei " " Central Bhutan to DOSHONG LA. (replaced by P. sonchifolia?)

SUMMARY:
Lists live plants to be sent by KLM freight to London and the R.B.G. Edinburgh, noting a large quantity of roots, bulbs, and tubers collected. Describes severe weather at Chumbumbu La and successful but difficult seed collecting trips from Langong to the Chiniung La, with plans to march to Migyitun.

CONTENT:
75 Live Plants Collected
Chumbumbu La Oct 17 P. chionantha 6609 P. elizabethae 6610
mec. violacea 6611.

...the live plants wanted, which are now: 1 small plant Pedicularis, 1 small Primula Aliciae, 1 Elizabethae (Lola) 2 Tsariensis (Lola) 1 Rowlei (Lola) & laeta (Lola) 1 ? Clutterbuckii (Lola) 1 Boothii (Lola) 1 yellow Pet. Sect. (Lola) 1 big plant Tsariensis (Lola) 1 yellow Pet sect (Tsari Sama) 1 yellow Pet sect (Chumbumbu La) 1 Elizabethae (Chumbumbu La). All these are at the moment timed to arrive in London on the 12th Dec, & in the R.B.G. Edinburgh on early morning of 13th! Ludlow & Taylor also have a good bundle of roots too, & altogether we have far more roots, bulbs & tubers than ever brought back before. So I hope we get them successfully home this time. I intend to send all by KLM freight, & shudder at the thought of how much they will cost.

17th October. Langong. Rain all night & day. Very cold indeed on the Chumbumbu La, in fact everywhere. Today was a repetition of yesterday, really beastly weather, a strong wind driving rain & sleet. We got a few seed of P. Elizabethae 6610, roots of it & of the Pet. Primula & also seeds of the Primula aff. Clutterbuckii, which I did not expect. Also a few of Omphalogramma brachysiphon 3952. The others I have taken as these are probably nearly all O. minus, with perhaps a small mixture of O. brachysiphon. So cold & beastly up the last camp, that as we were back by 12.30, we packed up at once & came on here, arriving at 4.0pm. No sign of rain stopping, in fact the locals say this is a very wet month, rain below & snow on the hills. We thus save a day, & tomorrow I must go up to the Chiniung La to finish off the Langong collecting.

18th October. Halt. Heavy rain all night & all today. Tsongpen & I went up to the Chiniung La, making an early start. Snow was everywhere above about 13500 & nearly a foot deep on the Pass. However we did better than I expected, & got some of all the seeds we were for except the little dwarf Lonicera, which had dropped its seed & was hardly to be seen. P. macrocarpa had very few seed, nearly every capsule was blind. And so now I have finished all seed collecting from flowers seen this year. The rest of our march is either over new ground, or over the old 1936 ground. But there can be little but Rhododendrons with any seed left. All seems fixed for our march to Migyitun on the 20th, rather to my surprise. At present I cannot make out the route, but

SUMMARY:
A catalog of specimens numbered 6517–6616, chiefly Primula with one Omphalogramma entry, noting collected material (seed, roots), sectional attributions, and cross-references to earlier numbers. Includes remarks on identifications and that Primula capitata has seed only with no herbarium specimen.

CONTENT:

6517. Primula Nivalis sect. nov. = (? 5872). Seed. Calliantha
6518. " " Morsheadiana " 210
6519. " " Niv. sect. nov. = 5872. Calliantha
6520. " " Valentiniana = 5856 "
6521. " " aff. glabra "
6522. Omphalogramma brachysiphon? "
6523. Primula Elizabethae. Roots and " 215
6524. " " laeta? roots as well.
6525. " " Roylei. " "
6526. " " subularia " C.S.
6527. " " Dryadifolia = 5865, 5931. "
6528. " " aff. atrodentata = 3636. " 220
6529. " " Boothii. = 3671 Roots.
6530. " " tsariensis = 3873 Roots.
6531. " " Normaniana = 3650 Roots & "
6532. " " Cawdoriana sect. = 3699 Roots.
      aff. bariensis Roots taken. Taken for small yellow Pet. primula which was not seen. 225
6533. " " odontica Kingii = 5570. Seed
6534. " " Pet. sect. yellow = 5573. Roots also.
6535. " " chamaeuthamna = 5589 Roots also
6536. " " prenantha var. Morsheadiana = 5587. Seed.
6537. " " pudibunda? = ? 3982? " 230
6538. " " aff. strumosa = 3983 Roots.
6539. " " Elizabethae = 3985. Roots.
6540. " " capitata. v. good Seed. No Herb. specimen.
6541. " " sikkimensis sect. " " Might be P. weissii.

SUMMARY:
List of plant specimens with numbers recorded at Migyitun on 24 May, including several Primula species, Meconopsis simplicifolia, Cephalanthera longifolia, Pleione scopulorum, Cypripedium elegans, and Cassiope selaginoides.

CONTENT:
Migyitun 24th May

sp. no. Chrysosplenium ludlowii 1683
Enkianthus deflexus 1684
Primula alpicola var. violacea 1685
Primula hopeana 1686
Primula alpicola 1689
Primula tsariensis 1693
Primula calderiana 1694
Meconopsis simplicifolia 1687
Cephalanthera longifolia 1688
Phoebe's nest egg - Pleione scopulorum 1691
Cypripedium elegans 1695
Cassiope selaginoides 1696

SUMMARY:
The diary records a halt with a flea outbreak at a disused hut, clearing weather that revealed steep surrounding hills, and exploration up the valley NE of Migitun. Several Primula species and a pretty heath were found on avalanche-swept slopes, while Buddhow discovered a scarce white Rhododendron maddenii (lindleyi) further down the valley.

CONTENT:
a disused hut where some yaks were grazing. Within half a minute or less, Tenduk's legs were covered with fleas - so were my stockings.

25th May. Halt. Stayed more or less in camp till the evening. It cleared up after the last few days of rain, - let us see the country, which is very grand looking, with precipitous sided hills almost all round. Only down here in the valley is it at all open.

26th May Halt. I went up the valley NE of Migitun, - found Prim. 1662 (Yargong-chu) in quantities about 2000 ft up. Nothing else very interesting except a heath 1713 which is very pretty & should do well at home. I hope we get seeds. Prim 1711 (tsariensis) & 1712 (micropila) were both very beautiful. They both grow on slopes swept by snow avalanches & are the first to come out, with that queer little white prim which we found at Chichchar. Buddhow went straight down the valley & at about 5 m. down, found a fine white Maddenii (lindleyi) rhododendron 1702, which unfortunately was very scarce. I hope we can find some more of it. There was another too, which was not in flower. He also got a pretty

SUMMARY:
Notes from fir forest observations and collecting, including comparison of a Primula resembling tsariensis, signs of shao, and an encounter with blood pheasants with chicks. At Tomtsang the day was misty with heavy rain; the route to the pass is steep and direct, with abundant Primula species observed but little new.

CONTENT:
Abies delavayi 2198
Pedicularis filiculiformis sp. nov. 2197

In fir forest is yet another primula which I thought was tsariensis 2194. It looks much the same, but it has a much longer scape & bigger though similar leaves. I left it at first, but as I have never seen 2195 in fir forest before, took it under 2196. Down here there are a good many signs of shao in the forest. I came across again a pair of blood pheasant, with chicks, one of which I caught, but I could not induce either parent to come nearer than 10 yards or so, so did not take a photo. Fine all day, but cloudy, & rather misty in the afternoon.

23rd June. Tomtsang. 8 m. 12600'. A foul day. Thick mist & heavy rain all day long. And we saw very little. Plenty of Prim. macrophylla, P. tenuiloba, dryadifolia, glabra, the bright one tsariensis 2195, & the yellow jucunda 2175, but little of interest as new. The road to the pass just goes straight up the side of the hill - I have never seen more direct route. Similarly it is pretty straight down this side for the first 500 ft, then eases off & finally very steep indeed down through the jungle. Here I had hoped to find more, but there is really