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• any of the rod-shaped or threadlike DNA-containing structures of cellular organisms that are located in the nucleus of eukaryotes, are usually ring-shaped in prokaryotes (such as bacteria), and contain all or most of the genes of the organism

• The precise number of chromosomes typical for a given species. In any given asexually reproducing species, the chromosome number is always the same.

• a plant genus in the Rubiacae famil, mostly trees, native to the Andes of South America. The bark of some species contains quinine and is useful against malaria.

• A genus of perennial, chiefly climbing shrubs of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) with about 370 species distributed over most of the world, especially in Asia and North America. Many species are cultivated in North America for their attractive flowers. The flowers may be solitary or in large clusters. The many fruits are conspicuous because of their persistent styles; they occur in spherical groups. The leaves are opposite, individually stalked, and compound—i.e., have several parts.

• any of a genus (Clintonia) of herbs of the lily family with yellow, white, or purplish flowers

Use for: Ethnic costume, Clothes, costume, dress

• A genus of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae. As currently recognized, Codonopsis includes two other groups sometimes separated as distinct genera, i.e. Campanumoea and Leptocodon. The enlarged genus Codonopsis is widespread across eastern, southern, central, and southeastern Asia, including China, Japan, the Russian Far East, Kazakhstan, the Indian subcontinent, Iran, Indochina, Indonesia, etc.

Use for: Coniferae

• any member of the division Pinophyta, class Pinopsida, order Pinales, made up of living and fossil gymnospermous plants that usually have needle-shaped evergreen leaves and seeds attached to the scales of a woody bracted cone.