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SUMMARY:
Notes record Parnassius butterflies, a woodcock nest with four eggs found on 22 June, and a list of Primula species observed. The writer describes the steep peaks of Dungshinggang, clear views toward Sikkim and beyond Chomolahri, getting soaked in a noon storm, and a 25 June entry noting rain overnight, a clear morning, and later cloud.

CONTENT:
that he will not let you know when he has fever. Saw lots of Parnassius butterflies in good condition, but fancy all are common. We put up four pairs of woodcock, which I think were nesting, as the coolies found one nest with four eggs on 22nd June. We saw no eggs or young chicks.

We expected rather too much today and did not take any waterproofs, so were wet pretty well through in the heavy storm at noon, but dried before getting home. I suppose we have not really done badly with primulas. We now have 26, 11 of which are different to last year's, and seven of which I have not collected before. Two are, I hope, new.

The three peaks of Dungshinggang are very steep, the rock rotten, but I think that they should be possible to get up, though difficult. I had hoped we might try, but camp would have to be a good deal nearer than this, especially if one were to get up before the mist covered everything. The snows were again very clear, some cloud in Sikkim, but none away to the East as far west as beyond Chomolahri. The following primulas
were seen here: P. strumosa, P. glabra, P. pusilla, P. Menziesiana,
P. umbratilis, P. sapphirina, P. macrophylla, P. Roylei (over), the small
P. nivalis sp., and P. atrodentata. P. Hopeana not yet in flower.

25th June. Hall - Rain all last night, clear early morning, cloudy rest.

SUMMARY:
At Haer, the diarist reports persistent rains and mist, a strenuous climb through gullies yielding no new finds but abundant Primula (including P. macrophylla var. macrocarpa, P. soldanelloides, P. sapphirina, P. tenuiloba, and P. caveana), and intentions to cross toward the Trongsa valley. With the monsoon returning, the diarist remains in camp doing photos while Pasang and Tundru explore a nearby nala; Ngudup’s reports of heavy rains and Tundru’s sore feet are noted.

CONTENT:
One more fine day, before the break comes again. There was lots of rain in the night, and has been since the fine days came. Long may it continue thus. Ngudup always gives such awful accounts of the rain from about now on for a month, that I can hardly expect much more clear weather. Tundru's feet don't improve much. We will miss him, as he always was a good boy, and always for some good things. And he had learnt to press flowers well, though not to change them well.

13th July. Haer. Thick mist in the morning up till 10:00 am, by which time we had climbed one of the awful gullies just below and behind camp. What a climb, and there was nothing new at all. What was there, in greater numbers than I've ever seen, was P. macrophylla v macrocarpa - in the hundred. We looked over the other side, but it was all too misty to see anything. We came down one gully this side of the one we went up, equally steep, and almost as hard work among all the boulders with very unsteady rocks. Again nothing new, but we marked a place where roots of P. soldanelloides could be taken. There were very few in flower, but a number of plants. Beside it grows P. sapphirina, and close to, also P. tenuiloba and P. caveana. The P. caveana up there was remarkably behind time, still in perfect flower. All these days now are disappointing, and I'll be glad to get over the pass to the Trongsa valley. Perhaps it won't be any better, but it will have many new places for us to try in any way.

14th July. Haer. The monsoon is back in all its fierceness again today, with thick mist and heavy rain all day, and last night. But we have had a really good break since the 8th, and can't complain. I again stayed in camp today, did photos, while Pasang and Tundru went out and up the nala on the right bank some distance up, but not too farther up, which leads...

SUMMARY:
High-altitude collecting around 14,000 ft yielded several small plants and a lake, with monal and burhel observed. The diarist notes mail delays, sends letters and parcels to H.H., Raja Dorji, and Betty during a halt, then crosses the Hubsing La to reach Kantanang in wet monsoon weather.

CONTENT:
very steep indeed. At first we found little, but at the highest altitude, about 14000, found a good many little things, including P. glabra (19011), P. sapphirina (19025), P. hopeana (Lud. Sherriff 19030), P. macrophylla, a good Aster and one Mec. paniculata (Lud. Sherriff 19019) in flower, but not elongated. Plec. simplicifolia is everywhere, but a miserable thing. Saw a few monal, and a pair with 3 young. Also some heads of burhel lying about. It was lovely up at 14000, and we found a nice lake there, the which may be worth visiting again later on. But I think almost every stream starts in a lake up here. Although the weather was so good, we did not see anything very much in the way of a view, but a press of flowers was worth more.

Still no mail. It is a good long time since I heard from Betty now, and I hope she is alright. Her last letter came very quickly to me, written on 13th and reached me 15th at Menjisi. I have sent her 2 or 3 letters since then, but I feel perhaps the dak may be slowing up now with all the work it has to do. In 1937 I had bigger mails, but not so often, and all except one came through alright. That one was found later abandoned by the roadside - no harm done, but just left there.

1st June. Halt. Our last day here. We leave some boxes behind, and calculate that we will be back in 3 weeks at most. A poor day, with a good deal of rain. I sent off a mail today - a letter to H.H., a parcel to Raja Dorji and a parcel of books and a letter to Betty. They reach Bumthang tomorrow, but I wonder when they will be sent on from there. There seems to be some delay now in the mails, which at first came so quickly.

2nd June. Kantanang. There was heavy rain all last night, and although little rain today, it is very monsoonish and misty and wet. A pity as we came over a hellish pass, the Hubsing La, of about 14500 I should say, and would have had a very fine view on a good day.

SUMMARY:
The party descends north from Milakatong La, follows a lake and river, and reaches Tsukang (Shao) around mile 16, noting scant barley and rhododendron fuel. They express relief at leaving rain-soaked Tawang, criticize incompetent local officials, and describe a route transitioning from dense jungle to bamboo, rhododendron, and finally grass with dwarf rhododendron, alongside a list of collected plants.

CONTENT:
July 14.
Milakatong La

P. sikkimensis 652=667
" obliqua 655
" Calderiana (Roylei) 658
" macrophylla 657
" sikkimensis 662
" alpicola 663
" pusilla 665
" sapphirina 666
Meconopsis villosa 649
Notholirion macrophyllum 650
Corydalis trifoliata 651
Swertia hookeri 654
Meconopsis horridula 659
Rhododendron hypenanthum 660
Campanula aristata 664

North of the pass, the descent is easy over open rocky hillside. A lake is seen to the N. West and the river met at m 14. From this lake followed down to the East to TSUKANG or SHAO at m 16. Here there is rhododendron wood fuel. A very little barley is grown, but probably does not ripen. Shao consists of about a dozen stone built houses. We were thoroughly glad to be shut of that miserable place Tawang. It rained all the time we were there, and we were for nearly the whole time in the mist.

The acting body for the Jongpen were an acute sodden womanising lot of poops. When our coolies were once off the mark, they went well enough: the trouble was simply that the officials were incapable of giving an order. Half the coolies started yesterday, the others with our bedding etc came on today. It rained from start to finish, and was miserably cold the whole time. The ground we covered was most interesting from a flower point of view. First we were in pretty dense jungle: this gave way to bamboo jungle, then to rhododendron jungle, till finally nothing was left but grass and dwarf rhododendron with the typical Tibetan dry zone potentilla. It was not a dry zone for us though. The hills are covered with a very dwarf pink rhododendron which makes them look like moors in

Rhododendron hypenanthum 661

SUMMARY:
Notes a plan for Tsongpen Tenduk to visit the Pelada camp to collect items including primula seed, mentions a north-trending valley with seasonal yak herders’ huts, and describes rainy halts at Marulhang on the Rinchen Chu with exploratory walks over passes. Observations include Primula alpicola (luna), Meconopsis bella, and other alpine species, though little new was found.

CONTENT:
Geranium
large flowered geranium 3356, of which we only saw two specimens.
Tsongpen Tenduk will go over to our camp on Pelada of 6th-10th June tomorrow & pick up a few things there, including, I hope, seed of the new primula.
The valley goes away north for a good long way apparently, & I intend to follow it up for a day or two. No houses here, but a few huts, occupied for a short time later, by the yak herdsmen. No others are allowed here except for a very few days while passing to other grazing ground.

3rd July. Halt. Marulhang, Rinchen Chu. Rained all day. Purbo & I went up a side valley to the East, over a pass & into another N-S valley beyond. Then north & over another pass, back by a side valley coming down 1/2 m above camp. We saw a good deal of the primula 3353 (P. alpicola luna), & a good deal of Meconopsis bella 3361 (entire leaf form), but little else of interest which was new. Anemone rupicola 3358, P. sapphirina, pusilla & Hopeana are everywhere at the right height. A pretty beastly day.

4th July. Halt. Marulhang, Rinchen Chu. Rained very hard all day & all last night. Purbo & I went upstream & worked in some side valleys, but not high, and found nothing but a primula of the Sikkimensis section No 3370 (P. alpicola luna). It appears to be somewhat like P. 3353, in leaf shape, but it has nothing of farina; the corolla is rather smaller and not such a green-

SUMMARY:
Checklist of Primula species collected in 1937, with notes on prior collection status and several specimen numbers. Localities mentioned include Chendebi and Tang Chu.

CONTENT:
x not collected in 1936
xx " " " before.
Primulas collected. 1937.

42. P. bracteosa.

1 P. Boothii.
P. erythrocarpa
P. flagellaris
P. sp. nov. Chendebi xx
5 P. strumosa elongata
P. Roylei.
P. macrophylla.
P. glabra.
P. geraniifolia xx
10 P. sp. nov. Tang Chu. xx
P. Hopeana
P. sapphirina x
P. tenella. xx
P. Winteri.
15 P. Boothii high alt. var.
P. pusilla. x
P. Stirtoniana x
P. obliqua. x
P. prenantha? xx
20 P. nivalis dwarf sp.
P. tenuiloba.
P. sikkimensis.
P. Menziesiana xx
P. bellidifolia xx
25 P. atrodentata
P. Griffithii sp. hancini
P. vernicosa.
P. pudibunda 3370
P. sikkimensis var. 3353. xx
30 P. sp. nov. 3366 hancini xx
P. " " 3367 xx
P. " " 3383. xx
P. umbratilis white 3384 xx
P. " blue 3394 xx
35 P. capitata.
P. soldanelloides. x
P. muscoides.
P. obtusifolia Caveana xx
P. Walshii 3413 concinna xx
40 P. Caveana 3410 xx
P. uniflora 3438. x
P. involucrata 3226. x

SUMMARY:
The page lists numerous Primula taxa with specimen numbers and brief notes on abundance and flowering, many recorded as common at Kantanang on 10/6. It mentions elevation comparison within the same valley, white forms of P. glabra, a hybrid (P. sikkimensis × hopeana), and comments on varieties such as caveana var. alba and macrophylla var. macrocarpa.

CONTENT:
(2) 134

19001. P. strumosa? 17.
       19009 P. macrophylla 18 } Both appear very late. Common Kantanang 10/6
       19011 P. glabra 19 } Common Kantanang 10/6
19002. P. barnardoana Won't collect any more of this. Leaves may be
       19025 P. sapphirina 20. Also Kantanang
       19030 P. hopeana 21.
       19041 P. alpicola 22 Common all over this area. The bracts
       19096 P. yarongensis. 23. } Taken in same valley, the first 500' lower
       19098 P. involucrata 24. } to test the cytology of these before they are
       19099 P. glabra. Includes a few pure white ones, which
       19103 P. alpicola var. luna Never has more than one whorl of flowers
       19104 P. pusilla. 25 A late flowerer. Just the first in flower
       19105 P. bellidifolia 26 Much the same as pusilla. Just appearing
       19108 P. reticulata 27 I take this to be reticulata. It is most easily distinguished
       19128 P. umbratilis 28
       19138 P. sikkimensis x hopeana
       19144 P. caveana 29
       19147 P. sapphirina
       19149 P. pusilla
       19163 P. capitata. 30 Only one seen today.
       19167 P. tenuiloba 31 Very common.
       19172 P. walshii 32 Very few seen, & they appear mostly over.
       19175 P. caveana var. alba Seems to be merely a var. of caveana. The
       19177 P. caveana
       50) 19181 P. bellidifolia.
       19189 P. macrophylla var. macrocarpa 33. Mostly over already. The more I see of this plant, the
       19183 P. umbratilis

SUMMARY:
Page lists Primula taxa with collection numbers and notes on abundance, habitat, flowering/fruiting status, and seed or root collections. Mentions very late flowering in some cases and specific quantities. One entry records a collection at Chendebi Sovo.

CONTENT:
4 138

80 19395 P. Hopeana } These two are everywhere mixed up, one presumably
19396 P. Hopeana } are smaller, & here larger. Probably best to drop P.
19416 P. capitata. Almost always in dwarf juniper.
19420 P. soldanelloides Grows beside P. sapphirina & close to tenuiloba. Same alt. as Caveana
19423 P. macrophylla v. macrocarpa. Never seen so many as here before. There are several
85 19447 P. geraniifolia Common again here.
19461 P. capitata v crispata. 39.
19464 P. sin. v Hopeana. An with red tube, but mixed up with more which
19469 P. pusilla. Very fine here & bigger than seen elsewhere.
19574 P. flagellaris 40 at Chendebi Sovo.
90 19606 P. elongata fruiting spec. No seed yet.
19610 P. Pet? No flowers.
19656 P. capitata v crispata Very late flowering. Barely one yet, even at low
19684 P. umbratilis. In full flower very late, but this was on a cliff in a
19712 P. macrophylla v. macrocarpa. Seed specimen. Seed barely yet ripe.
95 19746 P. reticulata Seed - - - - - - -
19747 P. elongata. Seed ok.
19749 P. yargongensis. Mostly red, some white. Common. Still many in flower.
19750 P. macrophylla Seed spec.
19757 P. strumosa = 19204. Seed spec. from same spot.

100. 19766 P. Caveana. Roots taken.
     19777 P. Jonarduni. Roots taken. Seed spec.
     19781 P. atrodentata high alt. " "
     19785 P. sapphirina Seed spec.
     19788 P. capitata v crispata.
     105 19791 P. flaccida. Seed spec.
     19796 P. geraniifolia " "

SUMMARY:
Notes from Shagam La (next to Tame La) describe heavy snow and a difficult descent, with several primulas and gentians collected (nos. 2184–2189), including Meconopsis var. lutea noted as from Mipa rather than the Tawang district. Mentions a previous sighting of Pyrrhocorax at 16,000 ft and that a 'big bug' from Lhasa is expected tomorrow.

CONTENT:
Shagam La - (next to Tame La). P. hyacinthina 2185, Glabra 2186, Gent. phyllocalyx 2187
Meconopsis var. lutea - of no. 2188

The latter is reported as being found in Mipak, of the Tawang dist. This is Mipa, but hardly the Tawang dist., the height is 15800 and not 13800'. But I have my hopes about it. There was also a gentian seen there 2187, but very little. On this side of the pass too, there is much snow, mostly avalanched snow. We all came down various ways, on our feet sliding, or on our bottoms. The latter method was better and had about a 100' non stop run. It was difficult for the coolies. Snow for about a mile, then steep shale slopes with sharp rocks. On the R, South face, among some cliffs, were lots of P. bellidifolia, showing I think we are in a slightly drier valley, a P. sapphirina 2184.

Also there were masses of P. rotundifolia, or what I take to be that. Where I last saw that & bellidifolia together was in the Rong Chu, with them went P. eburnea, but that we did not see today. I hear a big bug from Lhasa is on my heels and will be here tomorrow. Saw no birds of any interest today, but yesterday forgot to record Pyrrhocorax - 16000'. A fine primula found today, which I suppose will go down as sikkimensis, is No. 2189. It has...

SUMMARY:
Halt days near Shing-itun with Danang and Tenduk exploring a valley to the southwest, where a yellow primula was found above a bridge. The next day the author revisited via the right-hand valley to Champa Phé and a higher thang, noting a wren’s nest, abundant Paraquilegia, other primulas including possible P. sapphirina on west-facing cliffs, and that Lumsden’s white primula was already in seed. Weather included rain on the first day and fine conditions on the second.

CONTENT:
83

Rhod. thomsenii var. pallidum 1728, 1730.

29th May. Halt. Danang & Tenduk went up the valley SW of Shing-itun, keeping to the W of the village. At the top of the hill seen from camp, the valley divides in two. They crossed the stream & went into the Southern valley. Here they found a yellow primula 1732 [P. jucunda sp. nov. 1732], a good mile above the bridge. It is a fine valley. Rained part of the day.

30th May. Halt. A fine day. I went up the same way as Danang & Tenduk yesterday, as far as the bridge on the ridge. But this time we took the R hand valley, just above the bridge it opens out into a fine thang, called Champa Phé, probably about 12000'. Above this there is another small thang, with a hut, where we found a wren's nest. On the rocks Paraquilegia [Calderia macrophylla] grows in profusion, & both Roylei & the purple primula. Above this again, to the left a bit, is a valley full of avalanche snow. We went up this for some way, & on the cliffs to the R hand side going up — West — we found P. sapphirina? [P. flabellifera 1737]. It was growing on almost perpendicular cliffs, which were damp & open to the sun. Lumsden's little white primula 1644 [Vernicosa 1644], was already in seed. It is a poor thing. No flower to speak of, very short lived. Another...