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Emile William Dubuc was born in Glasgow and showed an early passion for natural history. Educated at Dr Graham’s in Queen Street and then the Edinburgh High School (under Mr McMillan), he attended Dr George Wilson’s chemistry class in 1852, gaining a medal and first place at the oral examination. Still a teenager, he joined the Edinburgh Geological Society and made several communications.

At the University of Edinburgh, he studied anatomy under Professor John Goodsir in 1853–54, 1854–55, Summer 1855, 1855–56, and Summer 1856; on 11 July 1856, Goodsir examined him orally on the muscles and nerves of the larynx and the vessels of the brain. Dubuc distinguished himself in the Botanical Class and on field excursions, and took the first prize in Maclagan’s Materia Medica. He joined the Botanical Society of Edinburgh on 14 July 1858.

Dubuc graduated M.D. in 1858 with a thesis On Uraemic Convulsions, took the L.R.C.S. Edinburgh the same year, and subsequently the L.S.A. London. In October 1858, he canvassed for the House Surgeonship at the Gateshead Dispensary, styling himself a Visiting Pupil to the Old Town Dispensary and a Clinical Clerk and Dresser at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.

He passed for naval service on 18 August 1859 and was appointed to H.M.S. Cyclops in the Red Sea during the Indian telegraph survey, taking every opportunity to collect specimens. In May 1860 he transferred to Trincomalee to join H.M.S. Retribution and was placed in full charge of that ship and of the hospital hulk Sapphire amid heavy sickness. After returning to England in December 1860, he was appointed to H.M.S. London at Malta, then to H.M.S. Impregnable at Devonport, and finally to H.M.S. Cossack as assistant surgeon. On 15 August 1861, Cossack conveyed Sir George Grey to New Zealand, where Dubuc was introduced to the naturalist Mr Layard and continued his collecting.

His health declined during the voyage, and he died on board Cossack at Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, in late January 1862, aged twenty-four. Posthumously, his mother presented to the University Herbarium a named general collection in thirty-three boxes (with a mounted British set) and to the Museum at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh thirty fossil plants with fruits and seeds collected by Dubuc; additional specimens he gathered had already been sent home. (Newcastle Daily Chronicle, 13 October 1858, page 1; “Opening Address, John Hutton Balfour,” Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1863, pp. 407–409; Medical Times & Gazette, 12 April 1862, page 390; Edinburgh Evening Courant, 20 February 1864, page 8).

Biography courtesy of Michael Tracy

Mary Gibby was a remarkable person and a leading botanist of her generation. During her long and distinguished career, she focused on ferns, the genus Pelargonium, plant conservation, and supporting the next generation of botanical researchers. Equally at home in the laboratory with her microscope or in the hills of Scotland or mountains of Yunnan, Mary was also a sound strategic thinker and a talented manager of scientists. She was a former president of the British Pteridological Society and, until her death, editor of its international research journal, the Fern Gazette. For her many achievements Mary was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2004 and was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2010. Born on 27 February 1949, Mary died on 17 July 2024 during fieldwork in the Italian Alps with her husband, Professor Janis Antonovics, FRS.

Mary read botany at the University of Leeds under Professors Irene Manton and John Lovis, securing first-class honours in 1971. Under the supervision of Stanley Walker at the University of Liverpool, she studied for a Ph.D. on biosystematics and cytogenetics in the fern genus Dryopteris.

Mary made full use of the wide network of pteridologists of the Leeds and Liverpool schools, and of botanical garden collections and herbaria, and was able to hybridise diploid and tetraploid species to observe chromosome behaviour at meiosis. Knowing the origin of her artificially created hybrids, Mary understood that failure of chromosome pairing in triploids indicated that the diploid and tetraploid taxa were unrelated. Pairing in the triploid hybrid would confirm one of the ancestors of the tetraploid. The cytogenetic techniques involved had been developed and perfected by Irene Manton and her school in the 1940s, 50s and 60s, and represented state-of-the-art experimental taxonomy and biosystematics of the time. Given the difficulty of obtaining nuclear gene sequence data in these highly polyploid species, Mary’s results remain important today in the classification and identification of Dryopteris species.

As an undergraduate Mary spent a summer internship at the Natural History Museum, London (NHM), and in 1975, during the completion of her Ph.D., joined the staff of its botany department. At that time the NHM was still predominantly populated by male scientists (often without Ph.D.s) and focused on descriptive taxonomy and morphology.

Once at the NHM, and following her Leeds and Liverpool training, she chose to do much of her research at the Chelsea Physic Garden where, as a cytologist, she could be among a living collection of her ferns and other interesting plants. Her laboratory there gave the Physic Garden an active role in research at a time when it was not regularly open to the public, and Mary undoubtedly influenced the curatorial thinking and the development of its collections. Her work on Dryopteris of the northern hemisphere continued into the late eighties. At the same time, while she was embedded in the Chelsea Physic Garden community, her research interests diversified, and she started to work on the cytology of the flowering plant genus Pelargonium.

Inspired by attending a conference in the United States in 1991, Mary became interested in the application of newly emerging molecular methods to biosystematic, taxonomic and phylogeographical questions. Over subsequent years, her work focused on three groups: the genus Pelargonium, the filmy fern Trichomanes speciosum, and European/Macaronesian Asplenium.

In all three groups, her teams combined fieldwork, morphology, cytology and molecular methods, including enzyme electrophoresis and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequencing.

At the NHM Mary’s fern team concentrated on two programmes: the genus Asplenium and the rare Trichomanes speciosum. The first phylogeny of Asplenium, the most speciose fern genus, was published in 2004. Under Mary’s leadership, the team became one the largest research groups on ferns worldwide

In addition to her prolific and diverse scientific career, Mary was also a distinguished scientific leader. Following her role as Associate Keeper of the NHM Botany Department, which started in 1997, she was appointed Director of Science at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) in 2000.

The experience gained at the NHM and Chelsea Physic Garden stood Mary in good stead as she began the transformation of science at RBGE, careful at all times to foster close integration between scientists and horticulturists. Mary also strengthened institutional relationships with the University of Edinburgh, the Scottish Crop Research Institute (now part of the James Hutton Institute) and Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH, now NatureScot). As a member of the Action Plan and Science Group of SNH, she was much involved in developing early versions of Scotland’s Biodiversity Strategy and hosting the Scottish Biodiversity Forum conference, which on several occasions was held at RBGE.

Mary led the development of a programme to conserve Scottish rare plants, which brought threatened species into the public eye and began the restoration of several species into the wild. As Director of Science at RBGE Mary travelled widely, making official visits to strengthen collaborations in China, Belize, Bhutan, Indonesia, Singapore and Soqotra, among other places.

Mary was central to the restoration project for the Victorian fernery at Benmore Botanic Garden, part of RBGE, in western Scotland.

After retiring from RBGE in 2012, Mary continued to work as a research associate at the NHM London and RBGE in Edinburgh, active in editing, helping to curate collections, teaching, and helping students and colleagues.

Mary was a considerate and strong leader, an exemplary Ph.D. supervisor, and a great mentor. With an astute understanding of, and insights into, character, she knew her science and was respected as a member of the scientific community. She established large research teams and attracted substantial amounts of external funding.Outwith academia, Mary loved the outdoors and enjoyed regular collecting field trips in the UK, Europe and Africa. After the birth of her daughter, Jessica Barrett, these became family trips, Jess accompanying her mother from the age of six months on the island of Madeira and later in Africa. After retirement Mary continued fieldwork with her husband, fellow botanist and geneticist Janis Antonovics, on his annual fieldwork in the mountains in Italy.

In addition to nature and wild places, another of Mary’s major passions was for canals and narrowboats. Much time was spent aboard her beloved Swan, a working narrowboat built in 1933 that she owned and faithfully restored. She was a founding member of the Battlebridge Basin boat community at King’s Cross, London, and served as a Director of the London Narrow Boat Company Ltd from 2014 to 2020

German botanist and pteridologist, husband of Helga Rasbach.

Longtime collaborator with his wife, Helga Rasbach.

Dr. Kurt Rasbach came from the Westerwald region. He grew up in modest circumstances and under difficult times. He often recounted how he had to walk long distances to school, which sharpened his eye for natural phenomena. Returning from the Second World War with a gunshot wound, he studied medicine in Heidelberg, became a physician, and – perhaps even more importantly – a professional nature photographer.

Members of the Baden State Association for Natural History and Nature Conservation for over 60 years.

German botanist and pteridologist, wife of Dr. Kurt Rasbach.

Longtime collaborator with her husband Dr. Kurt Rasbach.

Helga Rasbach was a biologist who specialized in the taxonomy of ferns. Her specialty was the discovery of unusual species. Numerous new discoveries of fern species in Central and Southern Europe can be traced back to her. At the same time, Helga Rasbach possessed the systematic knowledge to identify and thoroughly investigate doubtful cases in the field, particularly to examine them cytologically with regard to the chromosome numbers of individual ferns. Based on this, she was able to describe new hybrids, cytotypes, and subspecies of ferns and to identify hybrids. She also contributed many anonymously, for example, her work on the identification key for ferns in Oberdorfer's Excursion Flora.

Helga was also an outstanding botanical illustrator – from cytology (e.g., of ferns) to the overall habitat (e.g., in her husband's early orchid volume).